Application of the Distributed Generation ((DG)) is a direct consequence of deregulation of modern power networks. Regulatory changes and advances in (DG) technologies have led utilities to consider these technologies as alternative to central Generation. With regard to regulations imposed by tariff and also the market competition, the exact planning of distribution networks to avoid overinvestment is quite necessary. Most of the studies in this field which were carried out in the past are concerned with investments aiming to maximize the investors’ benefits. In addition, the impact of various (DG) technologies has not been considered in the planning procedure. Each investment planning for (DG) can be assessed from the viewpoint of distribution companies, regulatory entities or consumers. It is obvious that both the distribution companies and consumers regard their own benefits, whereas the regulator will prefer only those plans which benefit both parties. In this paper, a new approach is presented for (DG) investment in distribution network in which the benefits of both entities are taken into account. The benefits for utility are provided through system loss reduction while for consumers via purchasing energy from (DG) instead of grid. These objectives are described as social welfare and its maximization is our main goal in this paper. Furthermore, the impact of (DG) technologies is considered and the best one is selected. The genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to solve this optimization problem since it can provide the global solution by its inherent capability in modeling the complex constraints.

Lighting passages is done for citizens’ welfare simultaneously with the peak of the consumption of the network, from sunset to sunrise. The present study aimed at designing a model of sustainable urban management in the field of lighting, with simulation of the use of photovoltaic LEDs instead of sodium and halogen lamps. Accordingly, in a system simulation of the network, the scenarios for adjusting the input of various photovoltaic capacities to the electricity supply system of the city of Mashhad have been investigated. The results of on-grid analysis by using this decentralized production pattern shows, taking into account the 200 watts capacity and the 20% utilization factor for each photovoltaic LEDs and installing a photovoltaic LED instead of sodium and halogen lamps, all the power needed to lighting of city streets is provided by photovoltaic solar technology. Moreover, by reducing the potential between fossil and renewable production, emissions of pollutants are reduced by 104, 000 tons. Therefore, this method can be used to manage clean and sustainable energy in urban scale consumption, and, while helping the environment and reducing air pollution, it prevents losses caused by the transfer of electrical energy from the plant to the place of consumption.

Distributed Generation ((DG)) is a common technology in today’ s distribution networks due to its exclusive benefits. However, (DG) units introduce a series of new issues to distribution network beside their benefits. Adding a (DG) unit to the network can change the direction and magnitude of the power flow and fault currents through branches. It may cause the failure of the original protection system or false tripping of some existing relays. In this paper, a new adaptive approach is introduced for classification of different (DG) topologies in distribution network using the existing setting groups in over current relays. This method determines those settings such that maximum number of the possible scenarios for different operations in distribution system are covered including grid-connected mode, autonomous mode, and (DG)s capacity changes. In order to verify the performance of the new method, two simulation studies are performed on 14-node and IEEE 33-node distribution network test systems. DIgSILENT software has been employed to simulate the network in various operational modes.

Most of studies carried out in the field of optimal placement of (DG)'s are in the monopole structure. In this paper the optimal size and placement of (DG)'s have been determined by comparing the price of electricity at various nodes supplied from grid or (DG). In this pricing method in addition to the cost of losses all other cost components are considered. The price of electricity at different nodes is determined by the new location based pricing algorithm in which the required calculation is made to find out the cost of transit of electricity from sources to the specified nodes. Then the size and service area of (DG)'s are determined. The proposed method has been applied on a real distribution network.

Usually, the conventional droop methods is utilized for control of autonomous micro-grids. In islanded micro-grids (MG), due to the effects of mismatch in line impedance, the reactive power can't share by using the conventional droop method. In this paper, a method is proposed to improve reactive power sharing. In this method, the micro-sources are acted with P-w & Q-E droop characteristics, and then the reactive power sharing error is reduced to modify Q-E characteristic on the periodic time distances. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are validated using simulation on SIMULINK/MATLAB software.

In this paper, a dynamic model of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) with hydrogen storage for partial electrical Generation of C-130 Hercules has been presented. A three-phase two-level inverter is used to connect the fuel cell DC output to the AC system of the Hercules. Another solution would be the direct connection of the output DC terminal of the proposed system to the DC essential bus. The proposed method performance is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The study results indicate that the voltage level is fixed to an acceptable level and following the electrical load is properly achieved. The proposed method employs an electrolyser to generate the hydrogen and oxygen. By using the stored hydrogen in the proposed structure, the need for batteries for storage purposes would cease to exist. In addition, the oxygen produced can be used in the aircraft in case it’s required.

Passive defense is an issue that has received more attention in recent years. The concept of passive defense is that sometimes human societies face natural and unnatural problems. If there are appropriate plans for these events, the problems that arise in the communities as a result of these events are much fewer. There is no doubt that due to the existence of some centers in the cities, some places are of high importance. And it has been tried that these points are self-sufficient under any conditions, and as a result, these points can be protected against electric power outages. In this article, we divide the national electricity network into 8 micro-grids. Each of these micro-grids is allocated scattered production sources including active and reactive power, and then in such a way that these 8 micro-grids can be, continuously, and also act as an island, so that if something happens to any of these networks during incidents and they are disconnected from the main network for any reason, these networks can work as an island and respond to the needs of the loads of each part. In the following, the location and size of scattered production sources and capacitor banks are discussed using the whale optimization algorithm. By using this method, the network needs can be answered locally, and for this reason, high power losses and voltage drop can be avoided. To investigate the role of optimization in the first scenario, the number of units of Distributed Generation resources is 47 units and the maximum number of capacitor banks is 38 units. As a result of the optimal placement of these power Generation units in the right places, the losses, which were equal to 227 kW before the optimization, have significantly decreased after the optimization and have decreased to 122 kW.